| Instead of doubting the body's wisdom and intelligence, we need to understand the circumstances that cause the body to shut down its insulin-producing capability in type 1 diabetes, and increase it in Type 2 diabetes. With its vast resourcefulness of devising incredibly sophisticated survival mechanisms, the body makes every effort to protect you from further harm than has already been caused through inadequate nourishment, emotional pain, and/or a detrimental lifestyle. |
| In the case of type 1 diabetes, pancreatic cells don't just stop producing insulin because they are tired of doing their job. And in the case of Type 2 diabetes, the body's 60 trillion cells don't just reject insulin because they have developed a dislike to it. In both situations, the cells are prevented from doing their job for a number of reasons, all of which are basically under our control. If we stop destroying the cells directly or indirectly by the way we eat and live, they can just as easily be reprogrammed, nursed back to life or be replaced by new ones. |
Donna Jackson Nakazawa
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 Other reports show that children with type 1 diabetes who exercise regularly have improved blood glucose levels compared with those who do not. Another study finds that exercise can improve muscle strength in those suffering from multiple sclerosis.
Of course, when we are suffering from illness, finding the time and energy to recalibrate our stress level is not so easily accomplished. When you can't do something as simple as drive your kids to school or walk the dog around the block, it's hard to be bursting with hope. Your overall sense of well-being and optimism takes a bit of a pummeling. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 And when they compared their risk of getting type 1 diabetes as young adults, they had an 80% reduced risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
Adams: Again, wow.
Dr. Holick: 80% decreased risk! And for children at 1 year of age that were found to have rickets and were vitamin D deficient, they had a fourfold increased risk of getting type-1 diabetes.
Adams: Was there any correlation with adult-onset diabetes as well, or was that not studied?
Dr. Holick: Those studies have not been done, but what we do know is that activated vitamin D does a couple of things. |
Mehmet C. Oz., M.D. and Michael F. Roizen, M.D.
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 People with type 1 diabetes have to replace their body's production with injections of insulin. Type 2 (formerly known as adult-onset diabetes and the focus of this chapter) is much more common, affecting more than twenty-two million Americans and projected to double by the year 2025. It typically occurs when your cells resist the insulin that comes knocking at their doors, leaving glucose to circulate in your bloodstream instead of being used to fuel your cells.
Essentially, diabetes is a lot like a celebrity look-alike; it is often mistaken for something it's not. |
Bottom Line Health
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| And while links between obesity and type 2 diabetes have long been clear, research is only just beginning to suggest that obesity can also trigger late-onset type 1 diabetes.
Dr. Stuart Weiss, a clinical assistant professor of medicine at the New York University School of Medicine, says he is diagnosing more and more people in their 20s and 30s with double diabetes. "Many are type Is who have already been diabetic for years, and who are also eating a hypercaloric diet and require a lot more insulin," he says. "They become obese, and then become insulin-resistant. |
| What Type Are You?
In type 1 diabetes, which affects 5% of all diabetics, the body's immune system turns against beta cells in the pancreas that produce the insulin needed to regulate blood sugar. Type 1 diabetics typically must take daily insulin via injection to remain healthy.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disease and is often linked to obesity. In type 2 diabetes, either the body doesn't produce enough insulin—a hormone needed for the body to convert blood sugar into energy for cells—or the cells ignore the insulin. |
| The researchers conclude that—at least in mice—estradiol appears to protect against the chain of events that leads to type 1 diabetes. CAUTIOUSLY OPTIMISTIC
Mauvais-Jarvis is cautiously optimistic that his study might one day benefit humans who are at risk for diabetes. "One has to be cautious, because this study has been performed in mice, and although the mouse is the best available model to study human diseases, mice are not humans," he says.
Still, Mauvais-Jarvis says the study indicates that estradiol may offer a new clinical route for the prevention of diabetes in women and men. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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 Up until 10 years ago, the predominant type of diabetes cases in children was type 1 diabetes. About 40 percent of the new cases have type 2 diabetes, and they're predominantly obesity related. We've found preliminary evidence that these children have significantly more cognitive problems—15 to 20 percent more—than kids the same age [who are] also obese but don't have diabetes. This is going to impair their ability to do well in school, which could affect how well they do in life. |
| Usually, people have an abrupt onset of symptoms, typically before age 30, although it can occur at any age. type 1 diabetes is estimated to account for 5 to 10 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. (SUGAR SHOCK! does not discuss this type of diabetes.)
Type 2 Diabetes: Previously known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes, which used to strike people aged 30 and over, is a complex metabolic disorder that is increasingly becoming a disease of overweight kids (even as young as age 6). |
| NOTE: Experts single out overconsumption of refined sweeteners and processed carbs as being instrumental in the development of all of the following blood sugar disorders, with the exception of type 1 diabetes.
Healthy: You can eat carbs of any kind and your blood sugar rises and returns to within a normal range. Meanwhile, your insulin levels rise or drop in response to your glucose levels, thereby keeping everything in balance. If you're healthy, your blood glucose levels will range from 70 to 99 milligrams per one-tenth of a liter (milligrams per deciliter) of blood after fasting overnight. |
Too Profitable to CureBrent Hoadley, Ph.D.
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| The list includes:
• AMCYTE presents successful regenerative islet data to ADA convention,
• Gamida-Cell's "cell therapy helps diabetics,"
• Ban on animal-human transplants may be lifted,
• Encapsulated islet trial in Perugia,
• Harvard studies say insulin producing cells can regenerate,
• Cure for insulin-dependant type 1 diabetes,
• Stable and function regeneration of pancreatic beta-cell population in nSTZ rats treated with tungstate,
• Immunosuppressive drugs causing beta cell regeneration,
• Pigs may hold key to diabetes cure,
• U.S. |
Steven V. Joyal
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 This is a critical point to understand, as many people have the misconception that only people who have type 1 diabetes are at risk for these complications as they grow older. Nothing could be further from the truth. Everyone who has diabetes, whether type 1 or type 2, is at risk. In fact, even people who have prediabetes are at risk for heart attack and stroke, so it is never too early to take aggressive preventive measures. |
Too Profitable to CureBrent Hoadley, Ph.D.
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| Insulin-induced hypoglycemia is experienced at some time by virtually all Type 1 diabetics and is reported (my emphasis) to account for about 3 to 7% of deaths in patients with type 1 diabetes.3
Although rates of hypoglycemic incidents vary among individuals, patients undergoing conventional insulin therapy suffer an average of about one episode of symptomatic hypoglycemia per week; those practicing intensive insulin therapy suffer about two to three such episodes per week. |
Dr. Sharon Moalem
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 As of today, type 1 diabetes can only be treated with daily doses of insulin, typically through self-administered injections, although it is also possible to have an insulin pump surgically implanted. On top of daily insulin doses, Type 1 requires vigilant attention to blood sugar levels and a su-perdisciplined approach to diet and exercise.
In Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas still produces insulin—sometimes even at high levels—but the level of insulin production can eventually be too low or other tissues in the body are resistant to it, impairing the absorption and conversion of blood sugar. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts |
| And when they compared their risk of getting type 1 diabetes as young adults, they had an 80% reduced risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
Adams: Again, wow.
Dr. Holick: 80% decreased risk! And for children at 1 year of age that were found to have rickets and were vitamin D deficient, they had a fourfold increased risk of getting type-1 diabetes.
Adams: Was there any correlation with adult-onset diabetes as well, or was that not studied?
Dr. Holick: Those studies have not been done, but what we do know is that activated vitamin D does a couple of things. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts |
 The immune system then destroys those cells, resulting in a pattern of symptoms called 'type 1 diabetes.'
There is a strong correlation between the consumption of milk and dairy products and the development of type 1 diabetes. Certainly, there are other causes, but this is one of the more preventable causes of this disorder. The mechanism at work has to do with the milk proteins (casein, among others) that human bodies have difficulty digesting. The presence of these proteins confuses the immune system, causing it to attack its own cells. |
Dr. Sharon Moalem
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| It's possible that their historic hunter-gatherer lifestyle produced metabolisms more suited for the Atkins diet than the carbohydrate- and sugar-heavy diet that European farmers survived on for centuries. type 1 diabetes is different—it is much, much more common in people of Northern European descent. Finland has the highest rate of juvenile diabetes in the world. Sweden is second, and the United Kingdom and Norway are tied for third. As you head south, the rate drops lower and lower. It's downright uncommon in people of purely African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. |
| Children are most often diagnosed with type 1 diabetes when temperatures start to drop in late fall.
Fibrinogen, the clotting factor that repairs ice-damaged tissue in the wood frog, also mysteriously peaks in humans during winter months. (Researchers are taking note—that may mean that cold weather is an important, but underappreciated, risk factor for stroke.)
A study of285,705 American veterans with diabetes measured seasonal differences in their blood sugar levels. Sure enough, the veterans' blood sugar levels climbed dramatically in the colder months and bottomed out during the summer. |
Jonny Bowden, M.A., C.N.S.
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 The person without uncontrolled type 1 diabetes has a number of normal feedback mechanisms that will always keep the ketones in a safe range, mechanisms that do not exist with the untreated type 1 diabetic. Diabetic ketoacidosis cannot happen when there is even a small amount of insulin around, as there always is in those not suffering from type 1 diabetes, even when the person is on a ketogenic diet. |
Dr. Timothy Scott
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 My wife has type 1 diabetes. One simple blood glucose test can confirm diabetes in only moments. If we needed to confirm that she has type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes) and not Type 2 diabetes, we could do a C-peptide test. If we find a patient with an enlarged prostate, we run a PSA test. If symptoms indicate a thyroid problem, we request a thyroid stimulating hormone test. If someone appears jaundiced, we do a bilirubin test. On and on it goes. |
Dr. Sharon Moalem
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| People of Northern European descent have pale skin and are much more likely to have iron loading and a predisposition for type 1 diabetes. People of Asian descent are much more likely to be unable to process alcohol efficiently. Are those racial differences?
It's not a question that can be easily answered. First of all, there's no real agreement as to what race means. On the genetic level, it's pretty clear that skin color isn't reliable. We've already discussed how the skin color of a transplanted population would change to match the level of ultraviolet exposure in its new environment. |
| Why do the great majority of people with type 1 diabetes come from Northern Europe?
Why does malaria want us in bed but the common cold want us at work?
Why do we have so much DNA that doesn't seem to do anything?
The second question, of course, is, "What can we do with that?"
What can we do with the idea that hemochromatosis protected people from the plague?
What can we do with the possibility that diabetes was an adaptation to the last ice age?
What does it mean for me to understand that malaria wants me laid up and the cold wants me on the move to help them each spread? |
Too Profitable to CureBrent Hoadley, Ph.D.
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| Thus, over a time frame of forty years of type 1 diabetes, the average patient can be projected to experience two thousand to four thousand episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia. Approximately 10% of patients undergoing conventional insulin therapy suffer at least one episode of severe hypoglycemia in a given year, i.e., requiring assistance from others, including hyperglycemic treatment, such as glucose or glucagon administration, and episodes with seizure or loss of consciousness, in a given year. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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 People with type 1 diabetes usually have normal body weight. Remember that for optimal management of plasma glucose, people with type 2 diabetes may require insulin therapy. Nutrition issues for people with gestational diabetes are discussed in Chapter 33 in this volume. Throughout the discussion of energy and nutrient intake, the focus is to achieve the goals of medical nutrition therapy of persons with diabetes. |
| Differently, results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) of 1041 patients with type 1 diabetes indicated that baseline intake of total fat (% kcals) was directly correlated with prestudy DR and overall progression of DR [260]. Data from one ecological study also support the hypothesis that intake of cholesterol, total fat, and saturated fat increases risk for DR [263].
Diets rich in fiber, especially soluble fiber, have been shown to improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity and to lower plasma lipids among persons with type 2 diabetes [264]. |
Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D.
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 Not all people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes are children, and not all children diagnosed with out-of-control blood sugar have type 1 diabetes. Because this disease is so complicated and requires such careful medical supervision, it will not be covered in this chapter.
In type 2 diabetes, by contrast, there is insulin in the bloodstream, sometimes too much of it, but the cells become resistant to its action. Many people with type 2 diabetes are able to control their blood sugar level with diet, exercise, and oral medication. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| Positive tTG results may be seen in other autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, autoimmune liver disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, and inflammatory bowel disease.
4. Genetic Testing Although celiac disease is the only autoimmune disease for which we know the environmental trigger, gluten, we also know that there is a strong genetic influence. For example, as discussed under "associated conditions," in first- and second-degree relatives, there can be up to a 20% disease prevalence [64-66]. |
Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D.
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| Not all people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes are children, and not all children diagnosed with out-of-control blood sugar have type 1 diabetes. Because this disease is so complicated and requires such careful medical supervision, it will not be covered in this chapter.
In type 2 diabetes, by contrast, there is insulin in the bloodstream, sometimes too much of it, but the cells become resistant to its action. Many people with type 2 diabetes are able to control their blood sugar level with diet, exercise, and oral medication. |
J. Douglas Bremner
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 If you have type 1 diabetes you have no choice but to take this medication for a lifetime. This may also be true for some cases of type 2 diabetes, but this is a decision that must be made with your doctor. Taking insulin is inconvenient because it requires daily injections and checking of blood-sugar levels.
One of the major issues surrounding insulin today is its cost. Regulation of insulin production is different from that of normal drugs because it involves the production of something that the body itself makes, and it is for this reason that it is subject to a different set of FDA rules. |
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